RENAISSANCE

INTRODUCTION

A NEW STYLE OF FORTIFICATION WITH EARTH WORKS BASTIONS AND ARTILLARY RESISTANT WALL DEVELOPED.

VAST OPEN SPACES WERE LEFT AT THE CENTRE OF TOWNS FOR COMMUNITY ACTIVITIES.

GREAT EMPHASIS ON ELEVATION TREATMENT OF BUILDING ROADS CAN BE SEEN.

TRADES BROUGHT THE CONCENTRATION OF THE PEOPLE TO TOWNS SITUATED OF THE MAIN CROSS ROADS.

OWNERS OF THE LANDS SHIFTED TO THE MERCHANTS AND THE POWER OF THE FEUDAL LORDS DIMINISHED.

PRINTING PRESS WAS INVENTED AND WAYS WERE DEVISED TO IMPROVE THE SIMPLE HAND MACHINES.

GUN POWDER WAS INVEVENTED IN THE 15TH C; AND NEW TECHNIQUES OF WARFARE WERE INTRODUCED, WHICH CHANGE THE WAR STRATEGIES AND OLD FORTIFICATIONS WERE FOUND INADEQUATE.

THE CONTRAST BETWEEN THE RICH MERCHANTS AND THE POOR INCREASED AND HENCE, THE INSECURITY OF LIFE OF THE POOR ALSO INCREASED.

AS A RESULT RELIGION AGAIN BECAME VERY IMPORTANT AND THE DISPLAY AND EXHIBITIONISM WERE MANIFESTED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF FORMAL AND MONUMENTAL BUILDINGS DRAWING UPON THE CLASSICAL HERITAGE OF ROME.

MAINLY TWO TYPES OF MANIFESTATION ARE NOTICED IN THIS PERIOD:

1.NEW TOWNS WERE FOUND IN WHICH THE CENTRAL AND THE MOST DOMINATING BUILDINGS WERE THOSE OF THE NOBLES,I.E,THE COURTS OF THE KINGS.

FOR EXAMPLE: VERSALILLES IN FRANCE, CANBERRA IN AUSTRALIA AND WASHINGTON D.C. IN U.S.A. MAJOR PARTS OF LONDON IN U.K. WAS DESIGNED BY CHRISTOPHER WREN.

CITY OF KARLSRUHE

A-PALACE
B-GARDENS
C-TOWNS
IN THE OLD MEDIEVAL TOWNS THAT EXISTED, DEVELOPMENT WAS DONE IN THE DESIGNING OF THE PUBLIC CONGREGATION PLACES LIKE SQUARES, PIAZZAS (PLAZAS).


FOR EXAMPLE: THE PIAZZA OF ST. MARKS, VIENCE.

PIAZZA OF ST. PETERS.

PIAZZA DEL POPOLO, ROME.

PLACE DES VICTORES, PARIS.

ST.PETERS PLAZA

THE DESIGN SHIFTED FROM THE ENCLOSED ARCHITECTURAL TO AN EXTENSION AND EXPANSION OF OPEN SPACES.

SEVERAL EXISTING SQUARES WERE CONNECTED BY THE TREE LINED AVENUES AS IN PARIS.

ST.MARKS PIAZZA AND ITS DEVELOPMENT




VERSAILLES IN FRANCE:

S. LOUIS XII ORDERED LE NORTE TO DESIGN THE GARDENS OF VERSAILLES.

THE SPACES CREATED WERE OF UNPARALLED PROPORTION AND A SCALE OF INCOMPREHENSIBLE SIZE.

ALL ROADS LEAD TO THE CENTRE OF TOWN I.E, TOWARDS THE PALACE, PLAZAS WERE OPEN AND LESS CONFINED OF THE COUNTRYSIDE.



DESIGN SHIFTED FROM WALL IN ARCHITECTURAL FORMS TO AN EMPHASIZED BY COLONNADES AND ENTRANCE LINED BY AVENUES.

STAR SHAPED FORTIFICATION AND A CENTRAL CORE IS IDEAL CITY.

RENAISSANCE DESIGNERS FROZE THE STREETS WHICH RADIATED FROM THE CENTRE.

SUCH DESIGN EMERGED AROUND THE MIDDLE OF THE 15TH. C; FROM THE IMAGINATION OF ALBERT.

THE BAROQUE CITY:

THE AXIAL SYSTEM PLANNING WHICH WAS INTRODUCED BY LORENZO BERNINI DURING THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD WAS DEVELOPED DURING THIS TIME.

KING LOUIS XIV ORDERED TOP REMOVE HIS PALACE FROM THE CONGESTED PARIS TO THE OPEN HUNTING GROUND OF VERSAILLES AND ORDERED TO HAVE THE AVENUES TO RADIATE OUT THIS MAGNIFICIENT PALACE.

AFTER NAPOLEON III ROSE TO POWER IN 1853, THE CITIES WERE CONGESTED WITH SLUMS AND THE CONDITION OF PARIS WAS DETERIORATING.

MECHANICAL TRAFFIC WAS TO BE INTRODUCED ON THE ROADS AND IT WAS URGENT NECESSITY TO CHECK THE HAPHAZARD GROWTH OF PARIS.

GEORGE EUGNE HAUSMANN CAME UP WITH NOVEL PLAN OF HAVING STRAIGHT AVENUES, JOINING THE IMPORTANT PLACES; BOULEVARDS WERE MADE AND SOME FORM OF BUILDING BYE-LAWS LIKE HEIGHT RESTRICTIONS WERE INTRODUCED.

THE MAIN FEATURE OF BAROQUE PLANNING WERE AS FOLLOWS:
1. AVENUES,
2. FOUNTAINS,
3. AXIS AND
4. GEOMETRY.

EXAMPLE: THE SHONE BRUNN PALACE AT GERMANY WHERE THE SIDES OF THE TREES WERE ALSO CHOPPED OFF ALONG THE ROAD TO ACHIEVE THE ‘AXIS’ OF THE DESIGN.

CONCLUSION:

THUS WE SEE THAT IN THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD, THE MAIN EMPHASIS WERE GIVEN TO THE ‘MASS’ OF THE BUILDINGS, IN THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD THE IMPORTANCE WAS GIVEN TO THE ‘SPACE’ AND IN THE BAROQUE PERIOD, THE IMPORTANCE WAS LAID UPON BOTH ‘MASS’ AND ‘SPACE’.